Hey, I was wondering if fish such as largemouth bass and peacock bass will return to their beds after being caught, and how long it takes. I know from my experience that both species will generally swim off into the lake after being released on their beds, and obviously they would return because of natural instinct, but how long until then?

There is not set time frame & depends on each individual bass.

I've watched them swim straight back to the nest & I've watched them swim back & froth first.

Males usually go straight back to the nest.

I've had the same experience as Catt.  Each fish is different and it depends on the conditions at the time.  If there are already eggs in the bed, they return very quick.

I have seen the same fish caught three times in less than 10 minutes off a bed. 
Probably bad practice, but a point was trying to be proved.  The last time the fish was released and went straight back and set up just like it did the other three times.  It was pretty amazing honestly.  I have also witnessed males being caught, placed back in the water on the opposite side of the boat and head straight back to the nest.