I did not mean to insult you, the people of New Orleans or
Louisiana. Coastal erosion is a HUGE issue which no one in
government has addressed. The solution, from a purely
ecological standpoint, would be to restore the delta
hydraulics. Economically, that would destroy the region.
There is no simple solution.
This is a op-ed from Bloomberg News:
BP Spill's Gulf Threat May Fade as Farms Pollute, Wetlands Sink
By Peter Coy
Aug. 13 (Bloomberg) -- Visit the Gulf of Mexico today and
you'd hardly recognize it as the scene of what President Barack
Obama called the worst environmental disaster America has ever
faced.
It's as if scientists had conducted an insane experiment --
dumping about 4.9 million barrels of oil into the water -- and
discovered its effect was in certain ways negligible.
Some 21 years after the Exxon Valdez disaster, globs of oil
can still be found in Alaska's Prince William Sound. Yet the
Gulf may be scrubbing itself from the BP Plc spill: Sunshine is
evaporating the oil, and bacteria are rapidly digesting it,
Bloomberg Businessweek reports in its Aug. 16 edition.
Less crude has infiltrated vulnerable wetlands than was
predicted. Documented fish and bird kills have been small, and
most Gulf beaches remain pristine.
While concerns remain about the spill's long-term impact on
coastal wetlands and deepwater creatures, the short-term trend
is positive: On Aug. 10 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration announced it was opening an additional 5,000
square miles of the Gulf to fishing, leaving 22 percent of
federal waters still closed.
Harlon Pearce, who runs a wholesale seafood business in
Kenner, Louisiana, said that with more fish and shellfish
passing rigorous smell tests and chemical assays, I really feel
good that we're going to be getting into large production this
September, October, and November.
Morgan Stanley said on Aug. 3 that while the spill is a
significant shock to the regional economy, there will be
essentially no impact on U.S. economic input this year or
next.
Not Biggest Threat
That the Gulf is recovering doesn't mean all is well
because the disaster that transfixed the nation isn't the
biggest threat to the Gulf's health.
Environmental scientists point to more serious and
persistent (albeit less telegenic) dangers, including the
continued loss of wetlands, the impact of global climate change,
and the supercharging of the Gulf with fertilizer that flows
down the Mississippi River from Midwestern farms.
The spill is minor compared to those threats, said Larry
McKinney, director of the Harte Research Institute at the Corpus
Christi campus of Texas A&M University. It's as if a gunshot
victim recovered from a wound, then had to battle metastatic
cancer.
The patient has a fighting chance. Thanks to favorable
winds and human intervention, little oil from the BP spill
reached the estuaries where it can do serious damage. The light,
sweet crude that stayed at sea is being disposed of rapidly by
bacteria that have evolved to feed off the oil and methane that
naturally seep from the seafloor.
Drainage Ditch'
In a year or two we can forget this ever happened, said
Roger Sassen, an adjunct professor of geology and geophysics at
Texas A&M. The fact that the Mississippi is the drainage ditch
for the fertilizers and nasty agricultural chemicals of the
entire central U.S. is much worse than this transient spill.
Even experts who are less sanguine see the oil spill as an
added burden rather than a knockout blow. Jane Lubchenco, the
marine ecologist who heads NOAA, said the Gulf's waters and
coasts have been undergoing a series of changes over the years
that have progressively compromised the health of more and more
of the system.
Speaking to reporters by phone on Aug. 10 while traveling
in the region, she said, Each of these changes doesn't happen
in isolation. This spill interacts with, and is on top of, the
other changes in the Gulf.
Iowa Corn Farmer
The Gulf's long-term nemeses can't be capped like a runaway
oil well. Although slower-acting, they will have profound
economic as well as environmental impacts, and responsibility
for them can't be easily assigned. The Iowa corn farmer whose
excessive use of fertilizer contributes to choking off oxygen in
the Gulf is harder to blame than, say, Tony Hayward, BP's
outgoing chief executive officer.
The spill could do its worst damage by exacerbating
existing threats.
Harm to the bluefin tuna, prized both as a gamefish and as
a culinary delicacy retailing for $100 a pound, is the premier
example. It ranges the Atlantic Ocean but spawns just once a
year -- precisely where and when the BP spill occurred. The
floating beds of brown seaweed that shelter bluefin larvae and
fingerlings soak up oil like a sponge. Ocean biologists worry
that the spill might have wiped out most of the 2010 generation
of Gulf bluefins.
Overfishing Bluefins
Ordinarily, the loss of a year's worth of fish might be
tolerable. The problem: Severe overfishing in international
waters of the Atlantic has already endangered the Gulf-spawning
population of bluefins, down by 80 percent since 1970.
U.S. fishermen landed a little less than 800 tons of
bluefins in the West Atlantic in 2008, while other nations'
fleets landed about 1,200 tons, according to the International
Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
The spill could push the bluefin population into outright
collapse, said Robert L. Shipp, chairman of the Gulf of Mexico
Fishery Management Council as well as the marine sciences
department at the University of South Alabama in Mobile. The
only other population of the species, which spawns in the
Mediterranean Sea, is also threatened.
The single biggest challenge to the Gulf's ecosystem may be
the ongoing loss of wetlands, estimated at 25 to 30 square
miles' worth per year. Estuaries and marshes provide shelter for
commercially important crabs and shrimp. They also buffer humans
from the impact of hurricanes and soak up the nitrogenous
compounds from fertilizer and manure runoff that are borne down
the Mississippi.
Seasonal Dead Zone'
Nitrogen that the wetlands don't capture feeds algal
blooms. Bacteria that feed on the algae use up oxygen in the
depths of the Gulf, creating a seasonal dead zone that's
hospitable only to jellyfish, bacteria, and some worms. This
month the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium said the low-
oxygen zone extended for 7,722 square miles, the fifth-biggest
on record.
What's unknown is whether oil from the spill will
significantly accelerate the destruction of the wetlands. The
wetlands are sinking because levees along the Mississippi's ship
channel prevent silt from replenishing them. Pipeline channels
have diced up the wetlands, further weakening them.
When an area of wetlands finally sinks beneath the waves,
it exposes an adjoining area to the waves' action, speeding up
losses. If the rate of loss accelerates to 35 or 40 square
miles a year, it will give us less time to come up with a
restoration plan, McKinney said.
Global Warming
Global warming subtly worsens many of the Gulf's problems.
Warmer Gulf waters are conducive to the spread of the voracious
lionfish, a tropical Pacific fish with poisonous spokes that
displaces native species, and the equally aggressive Chinese
tallow tree, which has infested Gulf marshes.
Plus, the shores of the Gulf lie so low that a sea level
rise of just inches can inundate huge swaths of fertile
coastline. Seas have risen 8 inches in the past century, NOAA
says. The BP spill could give more of a toehold to invasive
species by weakening native ones, McKinney said.
Scientists studying the Gulf's health emphasize that all
damage assessments are strictly preliminary, so the bad news
might not be over. A female crab lays about 3 million eggs, and
a handful grow up to be crabs. Many of the rest are eaten by
fish and other crabs. So when oil droplets and chemical
dispersant showed up in the larvae of blue crabs, it was a
danger sign for the whole food chain.
Judy Haner, marine program director for the Nature
Conservancy in Mobile, Alabama, said damage to fish populations
could take three to four years to manifest itself.
Menhaden, Sardines
Another stubborn unknown is the impact of the spill on
small fish, such as menhaden, sardines, small jacks and
anchovies, that are food for creatures higher up the chain.
Anchovies and menhaden are filter feeders that swim with their
mouths agape, catching tiny food particles in their gill
filaments.
The tiny oil droplets suspended in subsea clouds could kill
the fishes' food source, the near-microscopic crustaceans called
copepods. The droplets could also clog the fishes' gills. At the
same time, oil-eating bacteria could exhaust oxygen supplies in
deep waters.
Next unknown: If fish in the plumes die, will others occupy
their niche as the pollution clears and oxygen increases? Shipp,
of the University of South Alabama, said he thinks the spill
should continue to be regarded as Public Enemy No. 1 for the
Gulf until such questions are answered.
$500 Million From BP
BP has agreed to set aside $500 million for environmental
study in the Gulf, many times the normal level of spending.
If BP has put the money aside like they say and they don't
renege on their promises and the government doesn't strip the
money for other purposes -- and those are big ifs -- there
should be money for studies of this spill, said Edward Overton,
an environmental chemist and professor emeritus at Louisiana
State University.
After that, the far greater challenge will be to apply the
newfound knowledge to helping the resilient Gulf survive its
many man-made wounds.